Rhabdomyolysis is a serious medical condition characterized by the breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue. When muscle fibers break down, they release a protein called myoglobin into the bloodstream. Myoglobin is harmful to the kidneys and can lead to kidney damage or failure if not promptly treated.
There are several potential causes of rhabdomyolysis, including:
- Trauma or crush injuries: Severe physical trauma, such as crush injuries from accidents or prolonged pressure on muscles, can lead to muscle breakdown.
- Extreme physical exertion: Intense physical activity, particularly if someone is not accustomed to it or if it’s performed in extreme conditions (like extreme heat), can cause muscle breakdown. This is sometimes seen in athletes, military personnel, or individuals participating in intense workouts.
- Certain medications and drugs: Some medications, illicit drugs, and toxins can cause muscle breakdown as a side effect. These may include statins (used to lower cholesterol), certain antipsychotic medications, cocaine, amphetamines, and others.
- Genetic muscle disorders: Inherited muscle disorders such as muscular dystrophy can predispose individuals to rhabdomyolysis.
- Infections: Certain infections, such as severe bacterial or viral infections, can trigger rhabdomyolysis.
Symptoms of rhabdomyolysis may include muscle pain, weakness, dark urine (due to the presence of myoglobin), fever, nausea, vomiting, and confusion. In severe cases, rhabdomyolysis can lead to kidney failure, electrolyte imbalances, and even death if not promptly treated.
Treatment typically involves intravenous fluids to flush out myoglobin from the kidneys, monitoring of kidney function, addressing any underlying causes, and supportive care. In some cases, dialysis may be necessary to support kidney function until they recover. Early recognition and treatment are essential for a better prognosis.