Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland, a condition known as hyperthyroidism. In this disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, heart rate, and temperature.
The exact cause of Graves’ disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Common symptoms of Graves’ disease include:
- Weight loss despite increased appetite
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
- Tremors
- Anxiety and irritability
- Heat intolerance and increased sweating
- Fatigue
- Muscle weakness
- Difficulty sleeping
- Changes in menstrual cycles
- Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)
- Bulging eyes (exophthalmos) – a condition known as Graves’ ophthalmopathy
Graves’ disease can be diagnosed through blood tests to measure levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), as well as through imaging tests such as ultrasound or radioactive iodine uptake scans. Treatment options typically include medications to normalize thyroid hormone levels, radioactive iodine therapy to reduce thyroid activity, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Additionally, management of symptoms such as eye problems may require additional treatments. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications associated with Graves’ disease.