Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is a chronic condition that can cause pain, stiffness, and inflammation in the axial skeleton, which includes the spine, pelvis, and sometimes the hips.
There are two main subtypes of axial spondyloarthritis:
- Ankylosing spondylitis (AS): This is the classic form of axial spondyloarthritis, characterized by progressive inflammation and fusion of the vertebrae in the spine. Over time, this fusion can lead to a loss of mobility and flexibility in the spine.
- Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA): This subtype shows similar symptoms to ankylosing spondylitis, but does not yet show definitive signs of structural damage on X-rays, such as fusion of the vertebrae. However, inflammation may still be present and can be detected through other imaging techniques like MRI.
Axial spondyloarthritis typically begins in early adulthood, with symptoms often appearing before the age of 45. It tends to affect men more frequently than women. The exact cause of axial spondyloarthritis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
Treatment for axial spondyloarthritis aims to relieve symptoms, reduce inflammation, and improve function. This may include medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic therapies, physical therapy, and exercise. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications associated with the condition.