Anaphylactic shock, also known as anaphylaxis, is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen. Allergens are substances that trigger an allergic response in susceptible individuals. Common allergens include certain foods (such as peanuts, shellfish, and eggs), medications (such as penicillin and aspirin), insect venom (from bee stings or wasp stings), and latex.
During anaphylactic shock, the immune system overreacts to the allergen, releasing a flood of chemicals that can cause a range of symptoms throughout the body. These symptoms can include:
- Difficulty breathing or wheezing
- Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
- Rapid or weak pulse
- Skin reactions such as hives, itching, or flushed skin
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
- Dizziness or fainting
Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention as it can be life-threatening. Without prompt treatment, it can lead to loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest, and death. Treatment typically involves administering epinephrine (adrenaline) via injection to reverse the symptoms and stabilize the individual. Antihistamines and corticosteroids may also be given to help alleviate symptoms and prevent recurrence. After receiving treatment for anaphylaxis, individuals are usually monitored closely to ensure their condition remains stable.