Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of rare blood cancers characterized by the excessive production of mature blood cells in the bone marrow. This overproduction leads to an increase in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets, depending on the specific type of MPN. The three main types of MPNs are:
- Polycythemia Vera (PV): In PV, there is an overproduction of red blood cells, which can cause the blood to become thicker and lead to complications such as blood clots, strokes, or heart attacks.
- Essential Thrombocythemia (ET): ET involves the overproduction of platelets, which are involved in blood clotting. Increased platelet levels can lead to clotting or bleeding complications.
- Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF): PMF is characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow with fibrous scar tissue, leading to decreased production of normal blood cells and anemia. It can also cause an enlarged spleen and liver.
MPNs are typically chronic conditions that progress slowly over time. While they can occur at any age, they are more commonly diagnosed in older adults. Treatment options for MPNs aim to manage symptoms, reduce the risk of complications such as blood clots, and slow down disease progression. This may include medications, such as blood thinners or drugs that target specific molecular pathways involved in MPNs, as well as procedures like phlebotomy to reduce blood cell counts. In some cases, stem cell transplantation may be considered as a potential curative therapy.