Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells, a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells (myeloma cells) grow out of control and form tumors in the bone marrow. These tumors can interfere with the production of normal blood cells.
Some key points about multiple myeloma include:
- Bone Damage: One of the hallmark features of multiple myeloma is the damage it can cause to the bones. The abnormal plasma cells release chemicals that promote the breakdown of bone, leading to bone pain, fractures, and other skeletal issues.
- Impact on Blood Cells: Because the abnormal plasma cells crowd out normal blood cells in the bone marrow, multiple myeloma can lead to low levels of red blood cells (anemia), which can cause fatigue and weakness, as well as low levels of platelets and white blood cells, increasing the risk of infections and bleeding.
- Protein Production: Myeloma cells produce abnormal proteins, including immunoglobulins (antibodies). These abnormal proteins can accumulate in the blood and urine, leading to complications such as kidney damage.
- Risk Factors: Risk factors for multiple myeloma include increasing age, male gender, African American race, a history of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, and a family history of multiple myeloma.
- Symptoms: Symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary but may include bone pain (especially in the back or ribs), weakness, fatigue, frequent infections, weight loss, nausea, constipation, excessive thirst, and frequent urination.
- Diagnosis: Multiple myeloma is typically diagnosed through a combination of blood tests, urine tests, imaging studies (such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans), and a bone marrow biopsy.
- Treatment: Treatment for multiple myeloma depends on various factors, including the stage of the disease, the patient’s overall health, and other individual factors. Common treatments may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, corticosteroids, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, and supportive care to manage symptoms and complications.
Multiple myeloma is considered a treatable but generally incurable cancer. However, advances in treatment have significantly improved outcomes for many patients, with many individuals living for years after diagnosis with a good quality of life.