Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the blood. These antibodies mistakenly target phospholipids, which are a type of fat found in cell membranes, as well as proteins that bind to phospholipids. This immune system malfunction can lead to various symptoms and complications, particularly related to blood clotting and inflammation.
Here are some key points about APS:
- Blood Clots: One of the primary features of APS is an increased risk of blood clots (thrombosis) forming in arteries or veins. These blood clots can lead to serious complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), stroke, heart attack, or miscarriage in pregnant women.
- Pregnancy Complications: APS is associated with pregnancy complications, including recurrent miscarriages, stillbirths, or preterm births, due to blood clots forming in the placenta.
- Other Symptoms: APS can also cause a variety of other symptoms, including skin conditions like livedo reticularis (a lace-like rash), neurological symptoms like migraines or seizures, heart valve abnormalities, and low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia).
- Diagnosis: Diagnosis of APS involves detecting the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the blood, typically through blood tests. Other tests may be done to evaluate blood clotting function and assess for organ damage caused by APS.
- Treatment: The treatment of APS aims to prevent blood clots and manage associated complications. This often involves long-term use of blood thinners (anticoagulants) such as warfarin or heparin. In some cases, other medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants may be used to control inflammation and manage symptoms.
- Lifestyle Modifications: People with APS are often advised to make lifestyle changes to reduce their risk of blood clots, such as maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, avoiding smoking, and managing other health conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes.
APS is a chronic condition that requires ongoing medical management and monitoring to prevent complications. With appropriate treatment and lifestyle modifications, many people with APS are able to lead normal lives. However, it’s important for individuals with APS to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and reduce their risk of complications.